# Evolution Strategies Basics¶

Evolution strategies are special types of evolutionary computation algorithms where the mutation strength is learnt during the evolution. A first type of strategy (endogenous) includes directly the mutation strength for each attribute of an individual inside the individual. This mutation strength is subject to evolution similarly to the individual in a classic genetic algorithm. For more details, [Beyer2002] presents a very good introduction to evolution strategies.

In order to have this kind of evolution we’ll need a type of individual that contains a strategy attribute. We’ll also minimize the objective function, which gives the following classes creation.

creator.create("FitnessMin", base.Fitness, weights=(-1.0,))
creator.create("Individual", array.array, typecode="d", fitness=creator.FitnessMin, strategy=None)
creator.create("Strategy", array.array, typecode="d")


The initialization function for an evolution strategy is not defined by DEAP. The following generation function takes as argument the class of individual to instantiate, icls. It also takes the class of strategy to use as strategy, scls. The next arguments are the minimum and maximum values for the individual and strategy attributes. The strategy is added in the strategy member of the returned individual.

def generateES(icls, scls, size, imin, imax, smin, smax):
ind = icls(random.uniform(imin, imax) for _ in range(size))
ind.strategy = scls(random.uniform(smin, smax) for _ in range(size))
return ind


This generation function is registered in the toolbox like any other initializer.

toolbox.register("individual", generateES, creator.Individual, creator.Strategy,
IND_SIZE, MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, MIN_STRATEGY, MAX_STRATEGY)


The strategy controls the standard deviation of the mutation. It is common to have a lower bound on the values so that the algorithm don’t fall in exploitation only. This lower bound is added to the variation operator by the following decorator.

def checkStrategy(minstrategy):
def decorator(func):
def wrappper(*args, **kargs):
children = func(*args, **kargs)
for child in children:
for i, s in enumerate(child.strategy):
if s < minstrategy:
child.strategy[i] = minstrategy
return children
return wrappper
return decorator


The variation operators are decorated via the decorate() method of the toolbox and the evaluation function is taken from the benchmarks module.

toolbox.register("mate", tools.cxESBlend, alpha=0.1)
toolbox.register("mutate", tools.mutESLogNormal, c=1.0, indpb=0.03)

toolbox.decorate("mate", checkStrategy(MIN_STRATEGY))
toolbox.decorate("mutate", checkStrategy(MIN_STRATEGY))


From here, everything left to do is either write the algorithm or use one provided in algorithms. Here we will use the eaMuCommaLambda() algorithm.

def main():
MU, LAMBDA = 10, 100
pop = toolbox.population(n=MU)
hof = tools.HallOfFame(1)
stats = tools.Statistics(lambda ind: ind.fitness.values)
stats.register("avg", numpy.mean)
stats.register("std", numpy.std)
stats.register("min", numpy.min)
stats.register("max", numpy.max)

pop, logbook = algorithms.eaMuCommaLambda(pop, toolbox, mu=MU, lambda_=LAMBDA,
cxpb=0.6, mutpb=0.3, ngen=500, stats=stats, halloffame=hof)

return pop, logbook, hof


The complete examples/es/fctmin.

 [Beyer2002] Beyer and Schwefel, 2002, Evolution strategies - A Comprehensive Introduction